Survey of Conventional & Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset Fibromyalgia

Survey of Conventional & Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset FibromyalgiaSurvey of Conventional & Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset FibromyalgiaORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS Apply the identified Guidelines [Box 16.1] Polit & Beck, 2017, Pg 371, Guidelines for Critiquing Descriptive Statistics.Develop a 1 page, 12 pt font paper answering the questions.The Critique is to answer the question as briefly and concisely as possible. Moving in to Evidence Based Practice, this is content that could be placed in a review or synthesis table. 1 attachmentsSlide 1 of 1attachment_1attachment_1NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Pain Manag Nurs. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 December 10. NIH-PA Author Manuscript Published in final edited form as: Pain Manag Nurs. 2013 December ; 14(4): . doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2012.02.002. A Survey of Conventional and Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset Fibromyalgia Emily K. Verkamp, MSW, LSW*, Stacy R. Flowers, PsyD‡, Anne M. Lynch-Jordan, PhD*,§, Janalee Taylor, MSN, RN, CNP†, Tracy V. Ting, MD, MSc†,§, and Susmita Kashikar-Zuck, PhD*,§ *Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio †William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio NIH-PA Author Manuscript ‡Department of Psychology, Children’s Medical Center of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio §Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Abstract NIH-PA Author Manuscript Little is known regarding treatment choices of youth diagnosed with juvenile-onset fibromyalgia (JFM) as they move into young adulthood. Additionally, there is little empirical evidence to guide youth with FM into appropriate treatment options, leading to a variety of therapies used to manage FM symptoms. The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine all therapies used by individuals with JFM as they entered young adulthood and the perceived effectiveness of these treatments. As part of a larger follow-up study, participants completed a web-based survey of all current and past treatments received for FM symptoms 2 years after their initial presentation and diagnosis at a pediatric rheumatology clinic. One hundred ten out of 118 eligible patients participated in the follow-up assessment as young adults (mean age 18.97 years; 93.6% female). A majority of participants reported use of conventional medications (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants) and nondrug therapies (e.g., psychotherapy). Currently and within the past 2 years, antidepressant medications were the most commonly used to manage FM. Complementary treatments were used less often, with massage being the most popular choice. Although currently used treatments were reported as being effective, past treatments, especially medications, were viewed as being more variably effective. This is a potential reason why young adults with JFM might try more complementary and alternative approaches to managing their symptoms. More controlled studies are needed to investigate the effectiveness of these complementary methods to assist treatment providers in giving evidence-based treatment recommendations. Juvenile fibromyalgia (JFM) is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, multiple painful tender points, sleep disturbance, fatigue, headaches, and other associated features, such as anxiety and irritable bowel symptoms (Yunus & Masi, 1985). JFM is primarily diagnosed in adolescent girls, and recent research suggests that symptoms tend to be chronic for many patients with JFM, with >60% of patients reporting persistent symptoms ~4 years after diagnosis (Kashikar-Zuck, Parkins, Ting, Verkamp, Lynch-Jordan, & Graham, 2010). Unfortunately, there is no known cure for JFM in youth or FM in adults, © 2012 by the American Society for Pain Management Nursing Address correspondence to Emily Verkamp, MSW, LSW, Senior Research Assistant, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, MLC 3015, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229. emily.verkamp@cchmc.org. Verkamp et al. Page 2 and treatments are focused primarily on symptom management (American Pain Society, 2005). NU540 Survey of Conventional & Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset FibromyalgiaNIH-PA Author Manuscript Usual clinical care for JFM in most pediatric rheumatology settings consists of medication management and recommendations for increased physical exercise. Also, psychologic referrals are often made for those patients who are having difficulty coping or may experience comorbid mood or anxiety problems (American Pain Society, 2005). After the initial referral, diagnosis, and stabilization of treatments, patients typically make a transition back to their primary care physician and little is known about their long-term care or subsequent treatment decisions as they move into young adulthood. PHARMACOLOGY FOR ADULT FM NIH-PA Author Manuscript In adults with FM, there is evidence for the efficacy of a number of different classes of medications, including tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs; e.g., amitriptyline), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; e.g., sertraline), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs; e.g., duloxetine), and anticonvulsants (e.g.; pregabalin). However, there is no strong evidence demonstrating the superiority of one medication compared to others (Straube, Derry, Moore, & McQuay, 2010). Most medications appear to have limited longterm effectiveness (Straube et al., 2010; Wahner-Roedler, Elkin, Vincent, Thompson, Oh, Loehrer, Mandrekar, & Bauer, 2005) and problems with tolerability and side effects (Stanford, 2009; Walitt, Katz, & Wolfe, 2010). Medication therapies have yet to be investigated in younger patients, resulting in relatively limited treatment options for youth with JFM. Owing to these limitations and the lack of evidence for medication efficacy/safety in children, there is an increasing interest in complementary approaches for JFM management, some of which have been well tested for adults with FM with promising results. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY, EXERCISE, AND COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE STRATEGIES IN FM NIH-PA Author Manuscript Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most well studied nondrug intervention for FM in adults (Bernardy, Fuber, Kollner, & Hauser, 2010; Glombiewski, Sawyer, Guterman, Koenig, Rief, & Hofmann, 2010) as well as in children (Degotardi, Klass, Rosenberg, Fox, Gallelli, & Gottlieb, 2006; Kashikar-Zuck, Swain, Jones, & Graham, 2005; Kashikar-Zuck, Ting, Arnold, Bean, Powers, Graham,….., & Lovell, 2012). CBT involves training in behavioral pain-coping skills to manage symptoms of FM. For children and adolescents with JFM, CBT is associated with improved physical functioning, ability to cope with pain, improved sleep, and decreased pain intensity and fatigue. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of 8 weeks of CBT (n = 57) versus FM education (n = 57) for those diagnosed with JFM, Kashikar-Zuck et al. (2012) found significantly greater reduction in functional disability in those who received CBT compared with FM education. Two other smaller-scale trials (Kashikar-Zuck et al., 2005; Degotardi et al., 2006) showed that 8 weeks of CBT resulted in significant decreases in depressive symptoms, functional disability, pain, somatic symptoms, and fatigue in adolescents with JFM. In addition, exercise programs of low to moderate intensity have also been found to significantly improve physical function, FM symptoms, quality of life, and pain in adults and children with FM (Hauser et al., 2010; Jones, Clark, & Bennett, 2002; Stephens et al., 2008). Although exercise can be helpful in managing FM symptoms, long-term adherence can be difficult, especially in adolescents with JFM who are coping poorly with their symptoms, because a high level of motivation and consistent effort is needed (Gowans & deHueck, 2004). NU540 Survey of Conventional & Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset FibromyalgiaPain Manag Nurs. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 December 10. Verkamp et al. Page 3 NIH-PA Author Manuscript Evidence for other nondrug complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)-based approaches, such as acupuncture, massage, yoga, and chiropractic treatment is emerging in the adult FM literature. In a metaanalytic review of seven randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in adults with FM (sample sizes of 20-86; age range 44-55 years; 95% female; 96% white), Langhorst, Klose, Musial, Irnich, and Hauser (2010) found evidence for pain reduction associated with acupuncture compared with sham or simulated acupuncture, but these positive results were found only in studies that had a potential risk of bias. In more well controlled studies, effects on pain, fatigue, sleep, and physical function were not significantly better than control conditions of sham acupuncture. Barbour (2000) found that massage therapies are widely available and possibly one of the most sought-out therapies among FM patients: 75% of 60 patients with FM (90% female) reported utilizing massage. Of that 75%, three-fourths found it to be effective. In one study, women (n = 37; age range 21-65 years) who received Swedish massage for 24 weeks showed a trend toward improved mobility and reduced helplessness but no improvement in pain, depression, or well-being compared with a standard-care group and standard-care group with follow-up phone calls (Alnigenis, Bradley, Wallick, & Emsley, 2001). Also notable, that study had issues with attrition after the 4-week time point. Although massage is widely used and available, it is not well studied as a therapy for younger populations with FM. NIH-PA Author Manuscript In a recent trial of a yoga intervention for women with FM (n = 53; mean age 53.7 years), Carson et al. (2010), found that a comprehensive 8-week yoga program, including yoga poses, meditation, breathing, and yoga-based coping skills, led to a significant reduction in pain, fatigue, stiffness, depression, and other symptoms compared with a group receiving standard care. One published small-scale trial investigating the effectiveness of chiropractic care for adult FM (n = 19; age range 25-70 years) (Blunt, Rajwani, & Guerriero, 1997) found that 4 weeks of chiropractic care was associated with a trend toward improvements in pain, strength, range of motion, and disability, but these were not significantly different from a wait-list control group. Increased knowledge about the application of CAM approaches for the management of adult FM along with fewer concerns about troubling side effects may make these approaches more attractive to youth with JFM and their parents. At present, little is known about the choices that young patients with JFM make regarding their treatment choices as they grow older, a time when they are likely to be making more treatment decisions independently from their parents. NIH-PA Author Manuscript More information is needed about these transitional years from adolescence to young adulthood in individuals who have a chronic condition such as FM. Not only are these youth making more decisions on their own, they are in need of uninterrupted and developmentally appropriate coordinated care (White, 1996). Therefore, the age of the study sample is important to represent the transition period between pediatric care to adult care. The primary objective of the present paper is to present descriptive findings on the diverse therapies pursued by youth with JFM to examine treatment utilization patterns for a condition with few standard treatment recommendations. Pain Manag Nurs. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 December 10. Verkamp et al. Page 4 METHOD Design and Setting NIH-PA Author Manuscript The study was a quantitative, single-group, descriptive design, in which a follow-up survey was administered to former patients seen at a large tertiary-care midwestern children’s hospital. The primary research questions were: 1) What therapies did youth with JFM utilize ≥2 years after they were seen in a pediatric subspecialty rheumatology treatment center? and 2) . NU540 Survey of Conventional & Complementary Therapies Used by Youth with Juvenile-Onset FibromyalgiaWhat therapies did they see as effective? Recruitment was completed in a pediatric rheumatology clinic, where patients with widespread chronic pain are referred by primary care providers to rule out inflammatory disorders such as juvenile arthritis and to make a definitive diagnosis. Participants NIH-PA Author Manuscript As part of our longitudinal research into the outcomes of patients initially diagnosed with FM in adolescence, we collected information via online survey about the treatments they are currently using and used in the past 2 years, as well as whether they perceived these treatments to be helpful. All participants previously received routine medical care at a pediatric rheumatology clinic. At the time of this 2-year follow-up survey, participants were in their late adolescent–early adult years and none were being actively followed by the pediatric clinic. One hundred eighteen youth were contacted by phone ≥2 years after their initial assessment in the clinic to participate in an online follow-up survey as part of a longitudinal study of with JFM. A multidisciplinary team of rheumatologists, psychologists, nurse specialists, and research staff identified potential participants for the study. Participants met classification criteria for JFM as determined by a pediatric rheumatologist based on the Yunus and Masi (1985) criteria for JFM, i.e., generalized musculoskeletal aching at three or more sites for ≥3 months in the absence of other underlying conditions, laboratory tests within normal limits, severe pain in five out of 18 tender point sites, and at least three associated criteria, such as fatigue, irritable bowel, and sleep disturbance. Participants received a gift card through certified mail as reimbursement for their time and effort. Procedure NIH-PA Author Manuscript A trained research assistant contacted eligible youth (or their parents if Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10 Order NowjQuery(document).ready(function($) { $.post(‘https://nursingpaperessays.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php’, {action: ‘wpt_view_count’, id: ‘62579’});});jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $.post(‘https://nursingpaperessays.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php’, {action: ‘mts_view_count’, id: ‘62579’});});